Sprain refers to the over stretching or tearing of the tissues known as ligaments that connect the bones at the joints while strain is the overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon (tissue that connects the muscle to a bone). This is a common condition that may be associated with day-to-day activities, sports or certain incidents like jumping, falling or sudden movements of the muscles or joints. Sprains or strains may be noticed in the neck, hands, wrists, hips, legs, knees and ankle. Sprains and strains may either be mild in nature resulting in minor restriction of movements or may be severe enough to cause immobility for several days or weeks.^{1, 4, 5}

Causes

Sprains or strains of the muscles or tendons may occur due to factors such as abnormal positioning of the head and neck while watching television, working on a computer for long durations, reading books in an awkward position,  
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Risk Factors

Awkward positioning of the body while performing day-to-day activities is the most common risk factor associated with an increased incidence of sprains and strains. Athletics or other sports are prone to overuse of the muscles and  
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Signs and Symptoms 

Sprains and strains are characterized by pain of varying severity based on the severity of the muscle or tendon injury. Swelling or redness over the affected area that may at times be painful to touch may also be noticed soon after.  
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Diagnosis

The diagnosis of sprains and strains is based on the history of the fall, awkward positioning of the body or sports injuries and the symptoms or signs associated with it. In severe cases, an examination by a doctor is required.

 

The doctor may perform certain physical tests such as bending or extending the legs and hands, applying pressure on the joints, moving or rotating the ankles in order to check for any underlying injuries and the extent of movements possible. These procedures are carried out to verify the stiffness in the muscles or ligaments and assess the severity of the condition. Radiographs of the affected joint along with MRI and CT scan may be advised in certain cases to rule out the presence of other abnormalities.

 
Treatment
Pain related to overuse at home or due to physical activities generally respond to certain simple steps such as rest. Weight-bearing exercises or lifting heavy objects must be avoided till the pain is reduced. Applying ice packs for   
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Alternative Therapies
Other alterative therapies that help in relieving the pain include massage, physiotherapy and acupuncture.

Warming up exercises and stretching before sports is always advised. Wearing proper footwear prevents injuries that occur due to slipping or twisting. Simple steps such as sitting straight, adjusting the computer monitor to a comfortable height, using a comfortable pillow while sitting or sleeping and not cradling the phone on the shoulders while speaking, go a long way in better health of the muscles. Staying fit with proper exercises is helpful in toning the muscles to prevent stiffness.

 
Complications

In the absence of any underlying conditions, there are no complications associated with sprains and strains other than temporary restriction of movements.

 
Living with Sprains and Strains 

The pain may either persist for a few days to weeks while at times it may persist for a few months with associated immobility. The recovery depends on the severity of sprain or strain and complete recovery is usually noted.

 

Written by: Healthplus24 team
Date last updated: December 30,2008