Pap smear or the Papanicolaou test is a gynecological examination procedure where the cells or tissues collected from the cervix are examined under a microscope.

Pap smears are indicated when the doctor suspects the presence of certain abnormality such as cancer of the cervix. This helps to confirm or rule out the abnormal changes in the cells and tissues that occur in case of cancer.¹ It may also be indicated prior to gynecological surgeries or before insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD).

The test does not need any special preparations. The doctor must be informed if you have had a prior abnormal Pap smear test, if a woman is suspecting that she is pregnant or if she is taking any medication or pills. Sexual intercourse, douching and tub baths must be avoided for 24 h prior to the test. It is also advisable to schedule the test when you are not menstruating.²

This is usually performed as a part of the vaginal examination. After suitably positioning the woman, an instrument known as a speculum is inserted into the vagina to aid in the test. The sample of the cells may be collected either using a small wooden or plastic spatula or a brush that are specifically designed for the test. The sample thus obtained are fixed on a glass slide and sent for laboratory examination.²

The pathology report helps the doctor to either rule out or confirm the presence of any abnormal changes in the cells., It is also helpful in grading the condition in order to initiate appropriate therapeutic measures if any abnormality is observed.

The procedure is not associated with any complications except for slight discomfort during the procedure or a small amount of bleeding after the procedure.²